In the 1990s, Pierre Soulages continued to explore and refine his signature approach to painting, marked by his profound engagement with the color black and its textural and reflective qualities. This period in Soulages's career is part of his broader exploration of what he termed "Outrenoir" or "beyond black," a concept that captures his fascination with the depth, texture, and luminosity of black as a means to explore light itself rather than the absence of light. Soulages's art during this time remained deeply rooted in his longstanding interest in the physicality of paint and the dynamic interplay between light and surface. His technique involved applying thick layers of paint to the canvas and then manipulating these layers with various tools to create textures that capture and reflect light in different ways. This method allowed Soulages to continue his exploration of the emotional and sensory effects of blackness, creating works that are visually captivating and rich in material complexity. The 1990s were also marked by significant recognition and retrospection of Soulages's contributions to art. Although specific exhibitions dedicated solely to his work from the 1990s are not extensively documented, Soulages's impact and ongoing exploration of black paint and its reflective properties were recognized in various retrospectives and exhibitions that covered the breadth of his career. His works from this period, as from others, are characterized by their minimalist approach yet profound depth, engaging viewers in a contemplative experience of light and texture. Towards the end of the 1980s and into the 1990s, Soulages embarked on a significant project, creating 104 stained-glass windows for the Abbey of Sainte-Foy in Conques. This project, completed between 1987 and 1994, showcased his interest in how light can be fractionally fragmented and transformed by glass, a concept that paralleled his explorations in painting. The stained-glass windows, like his paintings, seek to capture and manipulate light in a way that emphasizes its material and transformative qualities, thus extending his investigation of the interplay between light and darkness, fullness and emptiness, and strength and vulnerability​ (Wikipedia)​. Throughout his career, Soulages was honored with numerous exhibitions and retrospectives that celebrated his innovative contributions to modern and contemporary art. His works, characterized by their intense focus on black and its capacity to reflect light, continue to influence artists and captivate audiences around the world. His dedication to exploring the materiality and perceptual possibilities of black paint has solidified his reputation as a leading figure in post-war abstract art​ (Art in Context)​.